A) Virginia Woolf
B) Simone de Beauvoir
C) Julia Kristeva
D) Elaine Showalter
2. Which seminal essay by Virginia Woolf argues that a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction?
A) Three Guineas
B) A Room of One's Own
C) The Common Reader
D) Professions for Women
3. The famous declaration 'One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman' appears in which book?
A) Sexual Politics
B) The Feminine Mystique
C) Gender Trouble
D) The Second Sex
4. Who authored the influential book 'Sexual Politics' (1970)?
A) Kate Millett
B) Gloria Steinem
C) Betty Friedan
D) Germaine Greer
5. The concept of 'Écriture féminine' (women's writing) is most closely associated with:
A) Monique Wittig
B) Luce Irigaray
C) Hélène Cixous
D) Julia Kristeva
6. Which feminist critic introduced the concepts of the 'Semiotic' and the 'Symbolic'?
A) Julia Kristeva
B) Toril Moi
C) Judith Butler
D) Elaine Showalter
7. In 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema', who coined the term 'Male Gaze'?
A) Laura Mulvey
B) Mary Ann Doane
C) Bell Hooks
D) Teresa de Lauretis
8. The book 'Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity' was written by:
A) Judith Butler
B) Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
C) Adrienne Rich
D) Gayatri Spivak
9. Who co-authored 'The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination'?
A) Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari
B) Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar
C) Wimsatt and Beardsley
D) Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren
10. Elaine Showalter divides the tradition of women's writing into three phases. Which is the correct sequence?
A) Female, Feminine, Feminist
B) Feminist, Female, Feminine
C) Feminine, Feminist, Female
D) Feminine, Female, Feminist
11. Which feminist critic focuses heavily on the intersection of race, capitalism, and gender, authoring 'Ain't I a Woman?'
A) Alice Walker
B) Audre Lorde
C) Toni Morrison
D) Bell Hooks
12. The term 'Womanism' as an alternative to feminism was coined by:
A) Bell Hooks
B) Alice Walker
C) Zora Neale Hurston
D) Maya Angelou
13. In feminist theory, who proposed the idea of a 'lesbian continuum'?
A) Monique Wittig
B) Adrienne Rich
C) Luce Irigaray
D) Judith Butler
14. Who wrote the essay 'The Laugh of the Medusa'?
A) Julia Kristeva
B) Simone de Beauvoir
C) Hélène Cixous
D) Luce Irigaray
15. Which wave of feminism is most associated with suffrage and political equality?
A) Fourth Wave
B) Third Wave
C) Second Wave
D) First Wave
16. The phrase 'the personal is political' became a rallying cry for which movement?
A) Second-wave feminism
B) First-wave feminism
C) Marxist criticism
D) New Historicism
17. Who wrote 'The Feminine Mystique', sparking second-wave feminism in the US?
A) Shulamith Firestone
B) Kate Millett
C) Gloria Steinem
D) Betty Friedan
18. Which theorist is known for the concept of gender performativity?
A) Judith Butler
B) Simone de Beauvoir
C) Michel Foucault
D) Elaine Showalter
19. Toril Moi's 'Sexual/Textual Politics' provides a critique of which feminist approach?
A) Anglo-American feminism
B) Black feminism
C) Postcolonial feminism
D) French feminism
20. Virginia Woolf's concept of the 'androgynous mind' suggests that a great writer's mind must be:
A) Exclusively male
B) A balance of male and female elements
C) Exclusively female
D) Entirely devoid of gender
21. In Marxist theory, literature, art, and law are considered part of the:
A) Base
B) Superstructure
C) Proletariat
D) Means of production
22. Who developed the theory of 'Hegemony' to explain how the ruling class maintains control?
A) Louis Althusser
B) Antonio Gramsci
C) Friedrich Engels
D) Karl Marx
23. Louis Althusser distinguished between Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) and:
A) Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs)
B) Political State Apparatuses
C) Economic State Apparatuses
D) Cultural State Apparatuses
24. The process by which ideology addresses the individual, turning them into a subject, is termed by Althusser as:
A) Reification
B) Commodification
C) Interpellation
D) Alienation
25. Who is the author of 'Marxism and Literary Criticism' and 'Literary Theory: An Introduction'?
A) György Lukács
B) Fredric Jameson
C) Raymond Williams
D) Terry Eagleton
26. Which Marxist critic is known for the concept of 'Reflection Theory', arguing that literature reflects social reality?
A) György Lukács
B) Bertolt Brecht
C) Walter Benjamin
D) Theodor Adorno
27. The concept of 'Alienation' (Entfremdung) was originally formulated by:
A) Louis Althusser
B) Karl Marx
C) Antonio Gramsci
D) Terry Eagleton
28. Which theorist famously stated, 'Always historicize!'?
A) Karl Marx
B) Terry Eagleton
C) Fredric Jameson
D) Raymond Williams
29. Pierre Macherey's 'A Theory of Literary Production' argues that a text is most revealing in its:
A) Authorial intentions
B) Harmonious structure
C) Silences and gaps
D) Explicit moral message
30. The Frankfurt School of critical theory is most closely associated with which thinkers?
A) Althusser, Balibar, Macherey
B) Marx, Engels, Lenin
C) Williams, Eagleton, Jameson
D) Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse
31. Which concept refers to the transformation of goods, services, and ideas into objects of trade?
A) Dialectic
B) Interpellation
C) Hegemony
D) Commodification
32. In Marxist terms, the 'Base' consists of:
A) The mass media
B) The relations and forces of production
C) Art, religion, and law
D) The educational system
33. Who wrote the influential essay 'The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction'?
A) Jürgen Habermas
B) Theodor Adorno
C) Walter Benjamin
D) Max Horkheimer
34. Raymond Williams, a key figure in Cultural Materialism, described three types of culture: dominant, residual, and:
A) Proletarian
B) Subordinate
C) Emergent
D) Bourgeois
35. Bertolt Brecht's theatrical technique designed to distance the audience emotionally is called:
A) The Fourth Wall
B) Catharsis
C) The Alienation Effect (Verfremdungseffekt)
D) The Method
36. Which of the following is NOT a central concept in classical Marxism?
A) Historical materialism
B) Deconstruction
C) Surplus value
D) Class struggle
37. According to Marx, the class of modern wage laborers who do not own the means of production are the:
A) Lumpenproletariat
B) Proletariat
C) Aristocracy
D) Bourgeoisie
38. Fredric Jameson described postmodernism as the 'cultural logic of...'
A) Early industrialism
B) Feudalism
C) Late capitalism
D) Global socialism
39. Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of 'Dialogism' has been interpreted by some Marxist critics as a reflection of:
A) Social class polyphony
B) Base-superstructure model
C) Monolithic state power
D) Bourgeois individualism
40. Which Marxist critic emphasized the 'political unconscious' of literary texts?
A) Terry Eagleton
B) György Lukács
C) Louis Althusser
D) Fredric Jameson
41. The term 'New Historicism' was coined by which American critic?
A) Michel Foucault
B) Stephen Greenblatt
C) Hayden White
D) Clifford Geertz
42. New Historicism is heavily influenced by the theories of power and discourse developed by:
A) Jacques Derrida
B) Karl Marx
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Michel Foucault
43. Stephen Greenblatt's influential book focusing on the sixteenth century is titled:
A) The Political Unconscious
B) The Great Chain of Being
C) The Elizabethan World Picture
D) Renaissance Self-Fashioning
44. New Historicists often parallel literary texts with:
A) Abstract linguistic structures
B) Classical mythologies
C) Non-literary cultural documents
D) Authorial biographies
45. Which concept by Foucault refers to the unconscious knowledge and rules of a particular historical period?
A) Episteme
B) Discourse
C) Interpellation
D) Panopticon
46. The British counterpart to American New Historicism is known as:
A) Neo-Marxism
B) British Cultural Studies
C) Post-Marxism
D) Cultural Materialism
47. Cultural Materialism was notably championed by:
A) Stephen Greenblatt and Louis Montrose
B) Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield
C) Cleanth Brooks and Allen Tate
D) Terry Eagleton and Raymond Williams
48. Which anthropologist's concept of 'thick description' influenced New Historicism?
A) Victor Turner
B) James Frazer
C) Clifford Geertz
D) Claude Lévi-Strauss
49. A key tenet of New Historicism is that:
A) History is objective and undeniable
B) History is a text and texts are historical
C) Only elite history matters
D) Literature transcends historical context
50. Louis Montrose described New Historicism as a reciprocal concern with:
A) The base of society and the superstructure of art
B) The form of history and the history of form
C) The historicity of texts and the textuality of history
D) The author's life and the text's afterlife
51. In Foucault's theory, the architectural model used as a metaphor for modern surveillance and power is the:
A) Colosseum
B) Labyrinth
C) Tower of Babel
D) Panopticon
52. Unlike Old Historicism, New Historicism views history as:
A) A linear progression of events
B) Discontinuous, subjective, and shaped by power
C) A definitive set of facts
D) A stable background for literature
53. Cultural Materialism places a stronger emphasis on what compared to New Historicism?
A) Psychoanalytic motives
B) Aesthetic beauty and form
C) Political intervention and subversion
D) Linguistic structuralism
54. Stephen Greenblatt frequently employs which rhetorical device to open his essays?
A) An anecdote from an obscure historical document
B) A detailed biography of the author
C) A structural diagram of the text
D) A broad philosophical generalization
55. Foucault argues that 'Power' is not just repressive but also:
A) Absolute
B) Irrelevant
C) Productive
D) Divine
56. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of New Historicism?
A) Interest in marginalized voices
B) Belief in a single, objective historical truth
C) Focus on power relations
D) Rejection of the literary/non-literary divide
57. Hayden White's 'Metahistory' argues that historical writing is inherently:
A) Objective and scientific
B) Irrelevant to literary studies
C) Factual and unbiased
D) Narrative and literary
58. The practice of analyzing a literary text alongside medical, legal, or religious texts of the same era is typical of:
A) Formalism
B) Structuralism
C) New Criticism
D) New Historicism
59. According to New Historicists, the author is viewed as:
A) An isolated genius
B) A subject shaped by their cultural context
C) Irrelevant to the text's meaning
D) A conscious master of history
60. Which Renaissance playwright is most frequently analyzed by New Historicists like Greenblatt?
A) Christopher Marlowe
B) William Shakespeare
C) Ben Jonson
D) John Webster
61. Who coined the term 'Ecocriticism' in the 1978 essay 'Literature and Ecology'?
A) Lawrence Buell
B) Cheryll Glotfelty
C) Greg Garrard
D) William Rueckert
62. Which foundational anthology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, popularized ecocriticism in 1996?
A) Silent Spring
B) Ecology Without Nature
C) The Ecocriticism Reader
D) The Environmental Imagination
63. Lawrence Buell's 'The Environmental Imagination' focuses primarily on the works of which writer?
A) Henry David Thoreau
B) Ralph Waldo Emerson
C) Walt Whitman
D) Robert Frost
64. Ecocriticism fundamentally challenges which traditional worldview?
A) Biocentrism
B) Ecocentrism
C) Theocentrism
D) Anthropocentrism
65. Rachel Carson's 'Silent Spring' (1962), a precursor to ecocriticism, primarily addressed the dangers of:
A) Global warming
B) Deforestation
C) Nuclear waste
D) Chemical pesticides
66. The concept of 'Deep Ecology', which asserts the inherent worth of all living beings, was coined by:
A) Arne Naess
B) Aldo Leopold
C) Gary Snyder
D) Vandana Shiva
67. A literary mode that romanticizes rural life and nature, frequently analyzed in ecocriticism, is the:
A) Epic
B) Picaresque
C) Pastoral
D) Gothic
68. Greg Garrard's book 'Ecocriticism' outlines several environmental tropes, including which of the following?
A) Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche
B) Industry, Capital, Alienation
C) Base, Superstructure, Ideology
D) Pollution, Wilderness, Apocalypse
69. Aldo Leopold introduced the concept of the 'Land Ethic' in which book?
A) The Maine Woods
B) Nature
C) Walden
D) A Sand County Almanac
70. The study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment is the standard definition of:
A) Ecocriticism
B) Ecosophy
C) Zoocriticism
D) Bioregionalism
71. Which feminist sub-field of ecocriticism examines the intersection of gender and environmental exploitation?
A) Ecofeminism
B) Gynocriticism
C) Post-colonial feminism
D) Material feminism
72. Timothy Morton coined the term for entities that are massively distributed in time and space relative to humans, such as climate change. What is the term?
A) Hyperobjects
B) Macro-environments
C) Megastructures
D) Deep forms
73. The belief that nature exists solely for human use and benefit is known as:
A) Biocentrism
B) Symbiosis
C) Instrumental value
D) Intrinsic value
74. Which British Romantic poet is frequently heralded as a proto-ecocritic for his reverence of nature?
A) Alexander Pope
B) Lord Byron
C) William Wordsworth
D) John Dryden
75. 'Bioregionalism' in ecocriticism advocates for an understanding of place based on:
A) Political borders
B) Linguistic differences
C) Ecological and geographical boundaries
D) Economic trade routes
76. Jonathan Bate's 'Romantic Ecology' reassesses the work of which poet through an environmental lens?
A) John Keats
B) William Wordsworth
C) Percy Bysshe Shelley
D) Samuel Taylor Coleridge
77. Which of the following is considered a 'First Wave' ecocritical focus?
A) Nature writing and wilderness preservation
B) Cyborgs and posthumanism
C) Urban environments and environmental justice
D) Global climate change policies
78. 'Second Wave' ecocriticism expanded the field's focus to include:
A) Urban and degraded environments
B) Only male nature writers
C) Formalist poetry analysis
D) Exclusively pristine wilderness
79. The concept of the 'Anthropocene' refers to:
A) A utopian future harmony
B) The current geological epoch marked by human impact
C) The era before human evolution
D) The study of human anatomy in literature
80. Vandana Shiva is a prominent figure in which field intersecting with ecocriticism?
A) Deconstruction
B) New Historicism
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Ecofeminism
81. Edward Said's seminal work 'Orientalism' argues that the 'Orient' was:
A) Constructed by Western discourse to justify imperialism
B) A superior culture to the Occident
C) Created by Eastern scholars
D) A geographically accurate historical account
82. Who wrote the influential essay 'Can the Subaltern Speak?'
A) Edward Said
B) Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
C) Frantz Fanon
D) Homi K. Bhabha
83. The term 'Subaltern', adopted by Spivak, was originally coined by:
A) Louis Althusser
B) Karl Marx
C) Michel Foucault
D) Antonio Gramsci
84. Homi K. Bhabha is known for the concepts of 'Hybridity', 'Mimicry', and:
A) The Subaltern
B) The Third Space
C) Orientalism
D) Négritude
85. According to Bhabha, 'Mimicry' by the colonized subject is:
A) An exact replication of the colonizer
B) Both a result of colonial power and a threat to it
C) Irrelevant to colonial discourse
D) A sign of total submission
86. Frantz Fanon's psychological analysis of the effects of racism and colonialism is detailed in:
A) Culture and Imperialism
B) The Wretched of the Earth
C) Orientalism
D) Black Skin, White Masks
87. Which Kenyan author advocated for writing in indigenous African languages in 'Decolonising the Mind'?
A) Chinua Achebe
B) Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
C) Wole Soyinka
D) Nadine Gordimer
88. Chinua Achebe's essay 'An Image of Africa' fiercely criticized which author for racism?
A) Rudyard Kipling
B) E.M. Forster
C) Rider Haggard
D) Joseph Conrad
89. The concept of 'Négritude' was developed by Aimé Césaire and:
A) W.E.B. Du Bois
B) Frantz Fanon
C) Chinua Achebe
D) Léopold Sédar Senghor
90. Which postcolonial critic examines the concept of 'Worlding'—the way colonized spaces are brought into the Western domain?
A) Edward Said
B) Gayatri Spivak
C) Homi Bhabha
D) Aijaz Ahmad
91. Salman Rushdie's concept of the 'Empire writes back to the Center' implies:
A) A plea for colonial forgiveness
B) The dominance of British literature
C) Postcolonial writers challenging the colonial narrative
D) A literal return of colonizers to Europe
92. Edward Said's concept of 'Contrapuntal Reading' involves:
A) Ignoring historical context
B) Focusing strictly on meter and rhyme
C) Reading backwards
D) Reading texts with an awareness of both the colonizer and colonized perspectives
93. The term 'Diaspora' refers to:
A) The colonization of a new territory
B) The assimilation into a dominant culture
C) The native population of an area
D) The scattering of a population from its original homeland
94. Which post-colonial theorist heavily utilized Lacanian psychoanalysis and Derridean deconstruction?
A) Edward Said
B) Chinua Achebe
C) Homi K. Bhabha
D) Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
95. In postcolonial theory, the process by which a colonized people adopt the culture of the colonizer is known as:
A) Decolonization
B) Abrogation
C) Appropriation
D) Assimilation
96. Aijaz Ahmad's 'In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures' provides a Marxist critique of:
A) New Historicism
B) Deconstruction
C) Postcolonial theory, specifically Edward Said
D) Feminist theory
97. Who authored 'The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures'?
A) Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin
B) Fanon, Césaire, and Senghor
C) Said, Spivak, and Bhabha
D) Achebe, Soyinka, and Ngũgĩ
98. The process of replacing the colonial language with the indigenous language, or adapting the colonial language to express native culture, is discussed in terms of 'Abrogation' and:
A) Assimilation
B) Alienation
C) Appropriation
D) Annihilation
99. Frantz Fanon's 'The Wretched of the Earth' advocates for:
A) Total isolationism
B) Peaceful assimilation
C) Violent anti-colonial struggle as a purifying force
D) Continuing the colonial mandate
100. Postcolonial critics often analyze the 'Other'. The 'Other' refers to:
A) The author of the text
B) Those marginalized and defined as inferior by the dominant culture
C) The absolute truth
D) The colonial master
1. D
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. D
12. B
13. B
14. C
15. D
16. A
17. D
18. A
19. A
20. B
21. B
22. B
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. C
29. C
30. D
31. D
32. B
33. C
34. C
35. C
36. B
37. B
38. C
39. A
40. D
41. B
42. D
43. D
44. C
45. A
46. D
47. B
48. C
49. B
50. C
51. D
52. B
53. C
54. A
55. C
56. B
57. D
58. D
59. B
60. B
61. D
62. C
63. A
64. D
65. D
66. A
67. C
68. D
69. D
70. A
71. A
72. A
73. C
74. C
75. C
76. B
77. A
78. A
79. B
80. D
81. A
82. B
83. D
84. B
85. B
86. D
87. B
88. D
89. D
90. B
91. C
92. D
93. D
94. C
95. D
96. C
97. A
98. C
99. C
100. B
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